Zachary Amos, Features Editor of ReHack Magazine investigates how IoT devices can be used in data poisoning attacks, with tips of how to secure them
The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has revolutionised industries, enhancing convenience, efficiency and connectivity. However, as these items become more integrated into critical systems, they also introduce new vulnerabilities that make them prime targets for malicious exploitation. One of the most concerning threats is data poisoning — a tactic where attackers manipulate the information fed into systems to skew results and undermine processes.
How IoT technologies facilitate data poisoning
IoT devices are susceptible to data poisoning because they rely on constant information and communication. Many lack advanced security protocols, leaving open pathways for attackers to intercept, alter or inject malicious data.
The growing threats of IoT cyber attacks are evident. There were over 112 million IoT-related cyber attacks globally in 2022, marking an 87% year-over-year increase in IoT malware incidents. These unsettling figures show how attackers are increasingly exploiting these systems’ interconnectedness.
What makes these devices vulnerable is their vast attack surface. IoT technologies often communicate over unencrypted networks, enabling attackers to manipulate information during transmission. Moreover, many of these products operate where regular monitoring and updates are impractical, creating opportunities for persistent, long-term data manipulation.
The impact of data poisoning in IoT
Data poisoning can be severe, affecting operations, finances and various industries. By tampering with information the IoT devices collect, attackers can disrupt processes across an organisation. For instance, a poisoned smart grid system could lead to inefficient energy distribution, resulting in blackouts or unsafe power surges.
The financial ramifications are equally concerning. According to IBM, the average cost of a data breach in the UK reached 3.58 million euros in 2024. When IoT systems are involved, these costs can escalate further due to the difficulty of containing the damage. Most businesses rely on this technology for logistics, manufacturing or customer service and can face prolonged downtime and supply chain disruption.
Tips to secure IoT devices against data poisoning attacks
Securing IoT against data poisoning is possible through various approaches. Organisations can protect their systems from manipulation by addressing vulnerabilities at every stage — collection, transmission and processing.
1. Implement data governance
A strong data governance framework is critical for mitigating poisoning risks. This involves defining policies and procedures for managing IoT data, ensuring its accuracy, and regularly auditing data streams for anomalies. Set clear collection, storage and usage protocols to reduce the risk of tampered information entering the systems.
2. Update firmware regularly
Outdated firmware is one of the most common vulnerabilities in IoT devices. Regular updates help by patching known security flaws and protecting devices from arising threats. Companies should also automate updates where possible and ensure all devices receive the latest security enhancements properly.
3. Establish strong network security
Securing the networks that connect to IoT devices is essential. Encryption protocols like transport layer security (TLS) or virtual private network (VPN) protect data in transit and segment IoT networks from the rest of the organisation’s infrastructure.
Network segmentation minimises an attack’s impact by containing it in a specific area. This strategy helps prevent attackers from accessing critical systems or data.
4. Sanitise data from public sources
Data from public networks is highly vulnerable to manipulation. Companies should implement strict validation and sanitisation processes before integrating such information into their systems. This method includes cross-referencing with reliable sources, using anomaly detection tools and applying filters to remove potentially malicious inputs. Proactively managing public data ensures it does not become a vector for data poisoning attacks.
5. Deploy AI and ML defence mechanisms
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies can play a dual role in detecting and preventing data poisoning. Developers can train ML algorithms to identify anomalous patterns, flagging poisoned inputs before they affect systems.
However, the UK’s National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) has cautioned that AI systems face novel security vulnerabilities, making it crucial to incorporate security as a core requirement throughout an AI systems life cycle. With the pace of AI development outstripping security considerations, organisations must prioritise strong defences to counter threats in AI-driven IoT ecosystems.
Strengthening IoT systems against data poisoning
The interconnectedness of IoT devices offers many benefits but also exposes critical vulnerabilities to data poisoning. Implementing various strategies enables businesses to build stronger IoT ecosystems. However, securing against this threat is a continuous process. Maintain collaboration across teams and invest in cutting-edge technologies to give the company a leg up on the latest cyber threats.

Zac Amos is a freelance tech writer who specialises in IoT, cybersecurity, and automation. He is also the Features Editor at ReHack Magazine. Follow him on LinkedIn.
Author: Zachary Amos, Features Editor of ReHack Magazine
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